Eating Behaviour and Perceptions of Body Image in School

Eating Behavior and Perceptions of Body Image in School Eating conduct and view of self-perception in younger students Foundation Body disappointment, which is characterized as the inconsistency among saw and perfect self-perception, can begin during youth (Smolak 2004) and can prompt eating and weight issues in immaturity (Stice 2002; McKnight 2003). In particular, Stice 2002 announced that when a juvenile presents with body disappointment the likelihood of connecting with to consuming less calories and dietary patterns that are antecedents of dietary issues was expanded. Other than that body disappointment was connected to bulimia (Stice 2002). In addition, McKnight 2003 proposed that younger students who gave more slender distraction were in more serious danger of building up a dietary issue (McKnight 2003). What's more, body disappointment has been related with corpulence, since stoutness is a dietary problem chance factor (Fairburn, Welch et al. 1997; Mustillo, Worthman et al. 2003) and self-perception is an arbitrator of the danger of creating dietary problems (Dounchis, Hayden et al. 2001). Aside from bo dy disappointment, eating issues in youth can prompt dietary issues in immaturity and early adulthood (Kotler, Cohen et al. 2001). Various examinations have concentrated on the connection between eating styles that go before the advancement of dietary issues, and the view of self-perception in different age bunches like younger students, teenagers and college understudies and have revealed that people with high EAT and ChEAT scores were bound to pick a more slender perfect self-perception and thus had body disappointment (Edlund, Halvarsson et al. 1996; Nishizawa, Kida et al. 2003; Gonã §alves, Silva et al. 2012; del Mar Bibiloni, Pich et al. 2013; Kutlu and Civi 2013). In more detail, Kutlu and Civi (2013) explored the relationship between side effects of dietary problems and body observation by utilizing the Eating Attitude Test (EAT-40) in college understudies and found that people who saw themselves corpulent revealed higher scores in the EAT-40 and in this manner showed a connection between dietary problems and self-perception discernment. Comparative outcomes were introduced in an examination that explore d the relationship between self-constitution and manifestations of anorexia nevrosa in secondary school people in Japan and demonstrated that understudies with a dietary issue frequently picked the most slender perfect self-perception when contrasted with the understudies who didn't have a dietary issue (Nishizawa, Kida et al. 2003). Also, Edlund et al. 1996 examined the connection between the ChEAT, DEBQ surveys and self-perception in school young ladies and saw that young ladies with high ChEAT scores were bound to slim down and draw in to controlled eating and these young ladies had a higher disparity among perfect and saw self-perception. Different investigations have concentrated on eating practices like controlled and passionate eating and the connection with impression of self-perception (Kapka-Skrzypczak 2012; Wiedemann and Saules 2013; Ohara, Kato et al. 2014). Ohara et al. 2014 explored the relationship between eating conduct, by utilizing the DEBQ poll, and inconsistency of self-perception in Japanese college understudies and recommended that controlled eating was contrarily connected with body disappointment in the two guys and females. What's more, college female understudies with passionate eating had more significant levels of error of self-perception. This example was not seen in guys (Ohara, Kato et al. 2014). Wiedemann and Saules (2013) recommended that the positive relationship between passionate eating and weight issue recognition, another term for self-perception observation, could be clarified by the way that people that see themselves as overweight draw in to enthusiastic eating since they experienc e forceful feelings like annoyance, misery or uneasiness more regularly than people who are happy with their self-perception. Kapka-Skrzypczak (2012) examined the connection between dietary propensities in youths and youthful grown-ups and detailed that understudies that weren’t on a tight eating routine were progressively happy with their self-perception when contrasted with understudies that attempted to get more fit. Another significant certainty that emerges from the current writing is that most of studies are cross-sectional and look at the relationship between dietary issues indications or eating conduct and body disappointment in a particular point in time. This outcomes in an absence of longitudinal information examining the specific pathway that associates eating conduct and the error among saw and perfect self-perception. Also, a large portion of the examinations that were found during the writing search included youths and college understudies and just two examinations researched this relationship in younger students (Edlund, Halvarsson et al. 1996; Gonã §alves, Silva et al. 2012). Along these lines, the goal of this investigation is to investigate the relationship between eating conduct of younger students (multi year old), announced by moms, and the disparity of self-perception. For this reason information from the Generation R study will be utilized. Also, eating conduct will be surve yed by the Children’s Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ) and the view of self-perception by the Children’s Body Image Scale (CBIS). All in all, future examinations should concentrate on more youthful ages, between 4-9 years of age, in light of the fact that as of now it isn't known whether the affiliation that is exhibited by the previously mentioned investigations for teenagers and college understudies is available at this age bunch as well. Moreover, longitudinal examinations exploring in the case of eating conduct of preschool youngsters is an indicator of the impression of self-perception are required what's more the individual and parental elements, sociocultural components ought to be thought about. Age R Age R is a populace based imminent partner concentrate from fetal life to youthful adulthood (Jaddoe, van Duijn et al. 2012). This examination plans to explore the causes (ecological and hereditary) and the pathway that add to an ordinary or anomalous development and subsequently the condition of wellbeing for the duration of fetal life, adolescence and adulthood. In Generation R there are sure territories of examination intrigue: maternal wellbeing, development and physical turn of events, social and intellectual turn of events, respiratory wellbeing and hypersensitivities, infections in adolescence, and wellbeing and human services for kids and their folks. Age R welcomed every pregnant lady living in Rotterdam and were relied upon to convey between April 2002 and January 2006. Besides, follow-up contemplates included youngsters conceived by moms that took an interest in the investigation. Members needed to sign a composed educated agree so as to have the option to take part in the investigation. Physical assessments and polls were remembered for the appraisals, where the lion's share (86%) of the surveys were rounded out by guardians. Age R has been endorsed by the Medical Ethical Committee of the Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam. More data and subtleties of Generation R can be found somewhere else (Jaddoe, van Duijn et al. 2012). Children’s Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ) The CEBQ was created so as to evaluate the eating conduct of youngsters and study which eating styles lead to stoutness and overweight (Wardle, Guthrie et al. 2001). Children’s eating conduct is accounted for by guardians and comprises of 8 eating conduct things: food responsiveness, pleasure in food, enthusiastic indulging, want to drink, satiety responsiveness, passionate undereating and particularity. So as to quantify these things a 5-point Likert scale is utilized and goes from 1 to 5, where 1 indicated â€Å"never† and 5 â€Å"always† (Wardle, Guthrie et al. 2001). Children’s Body Image Scale (CBIS) The CBIS is an instrument that is utilized to evaluate the view of body size in kids (Truby and Paxton 2002). CBIS comprises of 7 figures which have various adaptations for guys and females. These 7 figures run from the most slender body shape to the fattest (third to 97th NCHS percentiles) (Truby and Paxton 2002). For the most part, youngsters need to pick between these 7 figures the one that speaks to the apparent and the one that indicates the perfect self-perception. Covariates Kid BMI, sexual orientation, ethnicity, maternal BMI and training will be remembered for the relapse investigation as possible frustrating factors (Gonã §alves, Silva et al. 2012; Baillie and Copeland 2013; Bergmeier, Skouteris et al. 2014; Sukariyah and Sidani 2014). It has been exhibited that female secondary school understudies had higher scores on passionate eating and pigging out than guys (Sukariyah and Sidani 2014). Also, Baile and Copeland (2013) saw that ladies had higher score on the Body Shape Questionnaire. A distinctive example was accounted for in Goncalves et al. (2012), where young men who were not happy with their self-perception had higher score in the ChEAT poll, an example that was not found in young ladies who took an interest in a similar report. Also, another examination in Korean teenagers found that guys had higher level of self-perception contortion and in this way were in more serious danger of building up a dietary problem than females (Hyun, Jung et al. 2014). BMI has been related with self-perception disappointment, since people with a higher BMI are bound to be disappointed with their self-perception and connect with to controlled eating (Jones and Crawford 2005; OHaver, Melnyk et al. 2009; Gonã §alves, Silva et al. 2012). Besides, contrasts in the extent of self-perception disappointment concerning ethnicity have been proposed by certain investigations (Gluck and Geliebter 2002; Baillie and Copeland 2013). Glunk and Geliebter (2002) revealed that Caucasians and Asians had a higher error of self-perception than African Americans and Caucasians scored higher on the dietary issue poll than Asians and African Americans. Baillie and Copeland (2013) saw that Caucasians had a gr

Topic and Research Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Point and Research Questions - Essay Example her needs to consider things in their regular settings, endeavor to look further into them and comprehend them, and decipher them as far as the implications individuals bring to them (Yin 7). In this inquiry the examination will plan to discover what the human services suppliers think about the utilization of the electronic record keeping in clinical practice. It endeavors to discover the emotions that they have on whether electronic record keeping has prompted enhancements in their administration conveyance, on the off chance that it has influenced their conveyance of care to their patients and by and large what they consider electronic record keeping corresponding to different techniques for record saving accessible for use by them. This is a quantitative research question. Quantitative research will in general spotlight on estimation and verification of marvels. This sort of research receives a logical way to deal with inquire about that experiences a particular procedure. The logical procedure depends on the reason that a wonder is just significant or of worth on the off chance that it very well may be watched and checked. Subjective research is described by numerical information which takes into consideration an assortment of measurable investigation (Gravetter and Forzano). Numerous inquires about have utilized this strategy in view of the way that it is goal and simpler to decipher figures than deciphering sentiments and feelings or impression of individuals or marvels. This kind of research fundamentally utilizes polls and overviews in information assortment before examination. Generally a huge part of the populace is studied with the goal that the outcomes depict an agent test of the entire populace (Grav etter and Forzano 157-158). This inquiry in this way means to lead an overview on the US clinics by checking what number of emergency clinics have embraced and are utilizing the electronic record keeping. As a matter of fact an assortment of medical clinics might be overviewed in this exploration to recognize what number of them utilize the electronic wellbeing records. The pace of reception can be shown up at by discovering the quantity of emergency clinics that are utilizing

Nukes; Who Has the Power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nukes; Who Has the Power - Essay Example State Department 1). Likewise, the organization additionally guarantees that there is serene trade of hardware and utilization of atomic vitality (U.S. State Department 1). The Nuclear Weapons Council (NWC) assumes a significant job in keeping up the U.S. atomic weapons reserve. The division guarantees that U.S. atomic weapons are protected, secure, solid, and powerful. The NWC division encourages collaboration and sets up needs that administer the administration of U.S. atomic weapons store through the Department of Defense and the Department of Energy (Natural Resources Defense Council 1). Without a doubt, the Department of Defense (DOD) controls the countrys military units arranged to work atomic weapons and their conveyance vehicles (Natural Resources Defense Council 1). The office supervises the formally dressed military and organizations dealing with atomic weapons issues. It additionally drafts game plans for using atomic weapons and directs the exchange of atomic arms control understandings. Then again, the Department of Energy inquires about, produces, and disassembles atomic warheads and materials (Natural Resources Defense Council 1). The National Nuclear Security Administration supervises the nation’s atomic weapons structure offices and protections the wellbeing, dependability, strength, and security of U.S atomic weapons and maritime atomic reactors (U.S Department of Energy 1). The National Nuclear Security Administration reacts to atomic crisis in America and addresses worldwide atomic limitation issues. The organization looks to lessen worldwide threat from weapons of mass obliteration and offers sheltered and compelling atomic impetus to the American Navy (U.S Department of Energy 1). The National Security Council is an official branch in the Office of the President that facilitates endeavors among government workplaces attempting to control the spread of atomic weapons and to address atomic discouragement and security

Facts, Fiction and Brainstorming Essay Topics

Facts, Fiction and Brainstorming Essay Topics Keep in mind, persuasive essay topics don't need to be politically correct all the moment, they are sometimes controversial. If you're thinking about how to compose a persuasive essay, you should know that writing an essay is a complicated process. So, the best method to compose a fantastic persuasive essay is to locate a theme you're acquainted with and would like to share your experience with the reader. Always bear in mind an ideal persuasive essay needs to be persuasive. When it has to do with writing an argumentative essay, the most crucial point to do is to select a topic and an argument that you could really get behind. Any idea can prove to be an excellent foundation for a topic. Remember that you're attempting to make your audience except a completely new vision of the issue. The very first thing you've got to realize searching for an ideal topic is that your opinion is the thing that matters the most. It's important to understand that essay topics are just basic ideas that leave you pondering a notion that might be a huge deal to another person. The simplest approach to pick out a persuasive essay topic is to talk about a present issue. Possessing no notion of the persuasive essay topics, you just do not understand what to write about. Argumentative essay topics are so important since they are debatableand it's vital to at all times be critically considering the world around us. The most important aim of brainstorming is to generate a range of special ideas everybody can utilize. A conclusion is, without doubt, the most essential portion of the argumentative essay as possible either support the fantastic impression or destroy it entirely. One other important component when picking a persuasive speech topic is to select a topic that may provoke your audience a little. For this reason, you've got to come across enough substantial evidence for the specific topic. You're a true topic enthusiast! Still, you must make your topic more specific. Anyway, below, you'll find topic that are great for both circumstances. Besides, the dearth of appropriate grammar makes the listeners get rid of respect to the speaker. The issue is that everybody's interpretation of what makes a great society differs. To begin with, if you're arranging a persuasive speech, you ought to think about a topic that may create mental pictures in the minds of your audience. Perform extensive research on the subject of your choice and make an impressive persuasive speech that individuals will remember for long. Year round school isn't a good idea. An argumentative paper is part of the persuasion. On the flip side, some argue that the expense of college leaves students with crippling debt they'll never have the ability to repay. Even a student can begin a business online. There are positive and negative individuals. If you've ever taken an on-line class, you understand how different it can be from a standard face-to-face course. You may trust us to supply expert assistance for many of your academic writing needs. Now, convince the people that there's an issue. Type of Brainstorming Essay Topics Homework should be quite light. SATs ought to be eliminated. Students need to be careful about posting on social networking. The range of body paragraphs will mostly rely on the amount of your paper. The aim of brainstorming is to assist you in getting ideas. Qualities of an excellent persuasive essay topic The topic needs to be specific. Take notes concerning all possible topics you may consider.

The Economic Situation Of Latin America - 2306 Words

Latin America is filled with environmental, agricultural and culturally rich countries but unfortunately it is also the place where the majority of the countries have high levels of poverty and social inequalities. Latin America is the place where we find many natural wonders like the Amazon rainforest, the Andes, the Iguazu Falls and many other natural resources. However, the economic situation is one of the poorest in the world. According to the article, The Politics of Economic adjustment policy in Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico: Experiences in the 1980’s and challenges for the future, and in, Latin American countries underwent the worst economic recession during the 1980’s. The distribution of incomes after the 1940’s was a radical change because there was a huge gap between poverty level and the elite members of society. After that point in history it has continued the same way up until contemporary times. The considerable difference in the income inequality and the high poverty rates is what interested me and in particularly during the 70’s and 80’s, which is known as â€Å"la decada perdida† or the lost decade. The lost decade was a time of economic austerity in many countries in Latin America and this is why I became interested in this topic. As a result, I interviewed my grandfather, Jose Gomez, who lived in Mexico during those harsh times of crisis that were affecting many Latin American countries during the 1970’s and 1980’s. History about Mexican Economy beforeShow MoreRelatedThe Economic Situation Of Latin America2506 Words   |  11 PagesLatin America is filled with countries that have such great richness in environmental, agricultural and cultural goods but unfortunately it is also the place where the majority of the countries have high levels of poverty and social inequalities. 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Health Care Systems And Healthcare - 976 Words

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Law s regulating insurability, profit margins, and taxes will align the United States’ health care system with other first world countries. Arguably, health care reform may not improve the United States’ health care system; only postpone a long term solution to cost containment. Models of health care vary from country to country. However, there are only four models that are predominate health care: the Beveridge Model, the Bismarck Model, the National Health Insurance Model, and theShow MoreRelatedHealth Care And The Healthcare System1516 Words   |  7 PagesHealth care will always be a topic of discussion. Every health care system has its pros and its cons, due to the fact that healthcare in itself will never be perfect. Even in other countries around the world, although their healthcare system works are much better than America’s, it is still a work in progress. 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Scientific and comprehendible Essay Example For Students

Scientific and comprehendible Essay Emotions affect the constraints of them. History is deluded due to unreliable sources or perspectives. There are many historical â€Å"evidences† stating the precedent. All of these indicate different proposals, making the third party undecided about the truth. The misconception of truth may rely on emotions and perspective about history. As an example the perspectives of England and Turkey might be different if WWI is viewed. The conception of reality may be overcome with the power of perspectives. Therefore no ideal evidence is supported. Political sciences may also be lacking support and evidence. Since there are no correct answers in politics, certainty is difficult being reached. Many of the systems presented remains as in theory. And it is almost impossible to prove what is the right system. By opposing new perspectives and regimes the evidential subject on politics can be changed. Religion is also an influential and important knowledge heavily affecting the society, which may lack physical evidence. There were situations where religion gave strength to the ones facing poverty and socioeconomic difficulty, and times where it was used as an excuse to consecutive wars. Religion is one of the most debated topics. It settles ethics and the rights. As a very substantial topic in our day, the biggest issue it faces is the evidence and the sensing of the ideology. Since human beings demand to understand and comprehend the idea of religion and God, the issue arises. The idea of religion may only remain as spirit or belief since the ways of knowledge logic and perception does not merely stand in it. It does not remain as a scientific and comprehendible fact, making it questionable.

Hypochondriasis Treatment with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and How Im Getting My Life Back Essay Example

Hypochondriasis: Treatment with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and How Im Getting My Life Back Paper The word hypochondriasis is derived from ancient Greek word hypochondria . It is made up of hypo-, meaning â€Å"under,† and khondros (khondria is the neuter pleural), meaning â€Å"cartilage†, specifically the cartilage of the breastbone. The word reflects the belief that the viscera of the hypochondria was the source of vapor that caused anxiety and melancholy. Hypochondriasis is the modern medical term for the condition and hypochondria is considered the lay term. Hypochondriasis is a disorder in which the patient misinterprets normal bodily symptoms such and a headache, or a cough as much more serious diseases. A typical hypochondriac may interpret symptoms of the common cold as symptoms of lung cancer. He/she may go to the doctor, be tested for different diseases, only to seek help from different physicians when the results turn up negative. Hypochondria is on the spectrum of anxiety disorders, but also has traits of somatization disorders. However, a hypochondriacs chief focus is not symptoms, but the cause of them. Hypochondria has been around since ancient times and is one of the oldest disorders documented. as been considered the male counterpart to hysteria, since hysteria was considered the symptom of a andering uterus and only females could have that. It is now known that hypochondria affects both men and women in equally serious ways. Although hypochondria is a serious disorder, it has been a popular subject in humor. Hypochondriacs are often stereotyped as being quirky individuals, constantly suffering from an imaginary ailment, sometimes going to comical lengths to cure themselve s. In addition to being stigmatized by society, hypochondriacs may also have difficulties with physicians. We will write a custom essay sample on Hypochondriasis: Treatment with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and How Im Getting My Life Back specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Hypochondriasis: Treatment with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and How Im Getting My Life Back specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Hypochondriasis: Treatment with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and How Im Getting My Life Back specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer They tend to be very demanding patients, booking frequent appointments, demanding nnecessary tests and treatment. Hypochondriacs may even have four or five doctors with whom they go back and forth seeking different opinions. They may also have difficulties with family and friends due to their constant maladies. They may go into debt due to medical expenses, and be very emotionally demanding. Unfortunately, there is not much known about the causes of hypochondria at the moment. However, life experiences, such as a family member becoming seriously ill, an acute awareness to physical feeling, and predisposition to anxiety all may play a role. Most hypochondriacs will also suffer rom other anxiety disorder such as panic disorders, generalized anxiety disorder and obsessive compulsive disorders. My experience with hypochondria happened after my father became ill with lung cancer. I had always been an anxious person, and have always had a slight preoccupation with my health. I have found that I display very similar trait to someone suffering with obsessive compulsive disorder. For instance, when I experience a new â€Å"symptom,† I must examine myself periodically in order to soothe myself. Unfortunately, this cycle only perpetuates the condition. It causes a sort of positive feedback eaction, which in turn causes me to examine more and more, until it gets to the point where I must go to the doctor or the emergency room. In the modern world, a common trigger for hypochondria is the internet. â€Å"Cyberchondria† is a colloquial term describing someone who searches symptoms on the internet. Websites such as WebMD provide information on many disease. A hypochondriac may mistakenly match their symptoms up with serious diseases and become very distressed. In my experience, there are many times where I have looked up not only symptoms, but for support groups discussing hypochondria. It has helped, but in any ways has also made the anxiety worse. Many times, I have found, support group will end up becoming a gathering of hypochondriacs feeding off of each others disorders, giving bad advice and triggering anxiety. At the moment, the best treatment for hypochondria is a mix of medication and cognitive behavioral therapy. Generally, an antidepressant will be prescribed. Current research has been showing positive results from fluoxetine, an SSRI also known as Prozac. I will be discussing the cognitive behavioral therapy approach. Cognitive behavioral therapy is an approach that focuses on the thoughts and behaviors associated with hypochondria. It is also used for the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder and panic disorders. Since hypochondria has similarities between the two, it is believed to be an effective treatment. Many of the behaviors of hypochondria are associated with anxiety due to a perceived threat. The intensity of the anxiety will generally vary from a small feeling of discomfort to a full blown panic attack. In my experience, the hypochondria first started with a panic attack, which I believed was due to a heart attack at the time. I had an intense tightness in my chest, a lightheaded feeling, as though I were bout to faint, which is a partially loss of vision (also known as a gray out). After the initial attacks, I experienced chest pains every so often and still associated them with heart issues, even though I had gone to the emergency room twice. One behavior, which is strikingly similar to obsessive compulsive disorder is checking. A hypochondriac may check his pulse, examine himself, weigh himself frequently due to the fear of wasting away. Sometimes, checking may even exacerbate symptoms, such as someone constantly. feeling for signs of oral cancer may cause sores due to irritation. When I have checked myself, it has often involved using a home blood pressure monitor as well as feeling for lumps and swollen glands. It tends to be a compulsion, and often becomes habitual. Often, it is very difficult to treat hypochondria, since the patients tend to be so convinced that there is something gravely wrong. One of the biggest roadblocks in treatment is reassurance seeking. As mentioned before, a hypochondriac will seek tests hoping for a negative result. He may also seek alternative treatments such as homeopathy. When a hypochondriac receives this reassurance, it will merely perpetuate the condition. Similar to checking, a hypochondriac will learn that this behavior will provide a temporary ease to the anxiety. After the initial feelings of calmness have worn off, the hypochondriac will feel the need to seek further reassurance, and so the cycle continues. I have often sought reassurance through doctors visits. There was a time when I was experiencing tightness in my chest which at times made it difficult to breath. I ended up making an appointment with the doctor, who, since I was a smoker, gave me a chest X-ray. The results came back normal, and surprisingly my symptoms went away for quite some time. For about a month, my hypochondria was relatively tame. Then, I started experiencing new symptoms. This time it was a feeling of a lump in my throat. This started a new cycle of reassurance seeking. Finally, a less apparent behavior is avoidance. This is when a hypochondriac will avoid activities that perpetuate symptoms. For a long time, during my heart problem phase, I had a love-hate relationship with physical exercise. I tended to avoid any intense exercise that would bring my heart rate over 110 beats per minutes due to the fear of a deadly arrhythmia. I would often get up and flee the ym when this happened. Now, I would like to bring attention to the cognitive side of hypochondria. One of the most outwardly apparent symptoms of hypochondria is preoccupation. Most hypochondriacs are preoccupied by their perceived ailments much of the time. This is the factor that may take the most emotional toll on relationships. A hypochondria will rarely have a conversation where her health is not brought up at least once. It is also very distressing for the hypochondriac, who may not be able to fully enjoy herself due to her health concerns constantly being in the back of her mind. A hypochondriac may also be very acutely aware of his own bodily sensations. Bodily focusing is when a hypochondriac focuses intently on his physical sensations. This can be closely linked with the behavior checking. However, one must be careful not to confuse the two. Generally, when a hypochondriac becomes acutely aware of physical sensations, it will be around the area of concern. This keen awareness has played a key role in my hypochondria. Due to the increased awareness of my head and neck areas, I have often felt as though a simple neck ache was actually pain from a malignant tumor on a lymph node. Indeed, awareness of my physical sensations has been an enormous trigger to a long session of self-examination. Selective attention is when a hypochondriac will only pay attention to sources of information which confirm his worst fears. Often a hypochondriac will stay up until the wee hours of the morning reading medical texts, however I negative test result from the doctor will be promptly ignored and forgotten about. Over time, hypochondria may lead to depression due to the belief that there is a serious illness present. I have experienced some terrible depressive symptoms. I have stayed up thinking about oing through chemotherapy, disfiguring, even imagining my own funeral. Fortunately for the hypochondriac, there is hope. With the right therapist, cognitive behavioral therapy may be a highly effective treatment for hypochondria. However, in order for to work, the patient must be engaged in treatment. It may be very difficult to engage a patient in treatment due to the patient being put into treatment semi-involuntarily. Often, a patient will seek therapy due to ultimatums from love ones, or a doctors refusal to treat the patient any further until he has undergone psychological evaluation. Therefore, the therapist must proceed with caution. I must, however, remark that many hypochondriacs are keenly aware of their condition and seek help voluntarily. Unfortunately, this does not make treatment very much easier. During treatment, the patient will often be asked to do some self-monitoring. A typical approach would be to have the patient keep a daily journal on her physical symptoms and thoughts. This is helpful because the therapist can monitor the patients daily experience, and can provide prompts for discussion. Cognitive restructuring is the part of the treatment where the therapist will ask the patient to note ll of the evidence he has for being ill, as well as the evidence against it. The therapist will then inform the patient of the cognitive errors, as well as teach rational responses to situations where anxiety is provoked. The therapist will also have the patient come up with his own rational responses. The therapist will then construct behavioral experiments in order to test out responses. I have found that citrus drinks such as orange juice and lemonade promote phlegm build up in my throat. This has helped me realize, through seeing an actual cause, that it would be highly irrational to believe that there is any ort of growth in my throat. If avoidance is present, a therapist may use exposure and reassurance prevention. A patient may be exposed to a light trigger such as exercise. The patient will then be taught to react appropriately to the symptoms present. On top of this, it is important to prevent the patient from seeking out reassurance. Family members may be instructed to say something such as â€Å"Im sorry, but Im not able to answer that question. † It is also important for the patient to work with the physician in order to prevent the patient from seeking reassurance from the therapist. In cases of â€Å"cyberchondria,† the patient should lso be urged not to seek reassurance on the internet. Finally, it is important for the patient to identify and re-attribute his beliefs. For example, a patient suffering from a side stitch may write down other symptoms such as overexertion, lying down on the wrong side, etc. and realize that he is not suffering from a hernia. It is important for the patient to know that recovery will not occur overnight. It is a lifelong process. Although I have made leaps and bounds in my treatment, I still have many outbreaks. However, I deal with them now in a much more rational way and they are far less intense. In addition to cognitive behavioral therapy and support from my family, I have also found mediation to be quite helpful. For many sufferers, hypochondria tends to be at its worst in stressful situations. I have found that if I take a moment to breath, and accept the situation at hand, I am much less stressed. It is my hope that this essay will shed some light on treatment for hypochondriasis, as well as better the understanding by sharing a personal perspective. Finally, I hope this will inspire other hypochondriacs to embark on the journey of getting their lives back.

Free Essays on Legal Memo

INTRODUCTION Our new client, Ms. Jane Healy has hired our law firm to handle her automobile accident that occurred nearly one year ago. She has obtained us to represent and provide advice for her potential litigation against the person or persons responsible for this accident and her injuries she sustained therein. This legal memorandum will address the liability issues concerning the restaurant who served alcohol to the driver who was involved with Ms. Healy in the alleged incident. STATEMENT OF FACTS Ms. Jane Healy, was involved in an automobile accident that occurred in the previous year on February 25, 1994. On that evening, Ms. Healy was on her way home from work in her 1998 BMW 325i on 14th Street . She was traveling in very heavy traffic. She was late for an appointment with a friend which caused her to be rushed. As she approached the light on 14th Street that intersects with Childs Street, her traffic light turned yellow. Even though the posted speed limit is twenty-five miles per hour on this street, Ms. Healy proceeded to accelerate to thirty-five miles per hour to ensure that she made it through the light. As she entered the intersection, the traffic in front of her suddenly stopped. Ms. Healy had to slam on her brakes in order to avoid causing a collision with the traffic in front of her. When she was forced to stop suddenly, she was left stranded in the middle of the intersection of 14th Street and Childs Street. Ms. Healy’s light turned red while she was still stranded. Meanwhile, Mr. Charles Raymond was traveling southbound on Childs Street. He was the first car stopped at the intersection. Raymond, who had been heavily intoxicated immediately before being involved in this accident, was paying no or little attention to what was occurring in the intersection in front of him. When the traffic light turned green, Mr. Raymond accelerated his car and roared his car through the interse ction, slammi... Free Essays on Legal Memo Free Essays on Legal Memo INTRODUCTION Our new client, Ms. Jane Healy has hired our law firm to handle her automobile accident that occurred nearly one year ago. She has obtained us to represent and provide advice for her potential litigation against the person or persons responsible for this accident and her injuries she sustained therein. This legal memorandum will address the liability issues concerning the restaurant who served alcohol to the driver who was involved with Ms. Healy in the alleged incident. STATEMENT OF FACTS Ms. Jane Healy, was involved in an automobile accident that occurred in the previous year on February 25, 1994. On that evening, Ms. Healy was on her way home from work in her 1998 BMW 325i on 14th Street . She was traveling in very heavy traffic. She was late for an appointment with a friend which caused her to be rushed. As she approached the light on 14th Street that intersects with Childs Street, her traffic light turned yellow. Even though the posted speed limit is twenty-five miles per hour on this street, Ms. Healy proceeded to accelerate to thirty-five miles per hour to ensure that she made it through the light. As she entered the intersection, the traffic in front of her suddenly stopped. Ms. Healy had to slam on her brakes in order to avoid causing a collision with the traffic in front of her. When she was forced to stop suddenly, she was left stranded in the middle of the intersection of 14th Street and Childs Street. Ms. Healy’s light turned red while she was still stranded. Meanwhile, Mr. Charles Raymond was traveling southbound on Childs Street. He was the first car stopped at the intersection. Raymond, who had been heavily intoxicated immediately before being involved in this accident, was paying no or little attention to what was occurring in the intersection in front of him. When the traffic light turned green, Mr. Raymond accelerated his car and roared his car through the interse ction, slammi...

Amy Winehouse Tragic event Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Amy Winehouse Tragic event - Research Paper Example Her tragic death in July 2011 has led to many a fan saddened and speculative about her untimely demise. It is public knowledge that Winehouse had been going through drug abuse and drinking problems (Sturges, 2011). Her celebrity status and stardom at such a young age, combined with the pressure of being a successful and evolving artist made her ‘terrified’ of her own success (Sledge, 2011). Her extremely quick flight to stardom made her one of the busiest stars in the world. Winehouse reportedly lost a lot of weight due to her hectic schedule; later, her physical appearance and the constant media attention revealed a deep drug dependence that had started to threaten her well being. Winehouse was caught in possession of marijuana in Norway with her husband. Winehouse had acceded to be suffering from alcoholism; she was also chronically involved in substance abuse, most famously when her U.S. tour got affected in 2007 as she had to be hospitalized due to overdosing on heroin, cocaine, ecstasy and ketamine (Sturges, 2011). Only last year, her European tour got cancelled as s he was too ‘ill’ to perform (McKinley Jr., Somaiya & Werdigier, 2011). According to the Los Angeles Times, the toxicology report of Amy Winehouse after her death was presented to her family and only partially made public, claiming only alcohol but no illegal drugs were in her system; legal drugs were not discussed by the family; this could have been done in order to allow the family to protect her legacy (2011). McKinley Jr., J, Somaiya, R. & Werdigier, J. (2011, July 24). Amy Winehouse, British Soul Singer With a Troubled Life, Dies at 27. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/24/arts/music/amy-winehouse-british-soul-singer-dies-at-27.html?_r=1 Sturges, F. (2011, July 25). Amy Winehouse: Singer who won the hearts of millions but was unable to overcome her dependency on drink and drugs. The Independent – on Sunday. Retrieved from

Personal Health Record Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Personal Health Record - Essay Example What are the advantages to PHRs? Personal health records are of great importance to the patients especially in ensuring the quality of health is improved (Hebda, & Czar, 2013). Below are some of the advantages: †¢ PHR combines and coordinates information from multiple providers. This enables an improvement in care coordination. †¢ PHR also helps ensure availability of a patient’s health information. This is of importance especially the online PHR which can be used on emergencies †¢ Enhanced provider-patient communication. The communication between the care providers and the patients are enhanced through the use of PHRs easening and fastening communication. What are ways that you may access the patients PHR? Patients Personal Health records can be accessed in the following ways (Hebda, & Czar, 2013): †¢ The Nurses can use a searchable information database that is linked to the PHR. As such they determine the best way to index the information. Additionally, the use of professional lexicon can be applied. Use of key words too can be applied. What may be some obstacles that you encounter? Some of the obstacles encountered in use and access of PHR include: †¢ Cognitive barriers where some patients ability to use the computers were limited.

Focus on the learner Essay Example for Free

Focus on the learner Essay A. Learner’s profile Virginia is a 29-year old native Spanish speaker born in Madrid. She is currently studying a professional training course and works as an animal caretaker. She is one of the A2 or Elementary proficiency level students of the Celta Teacher Training Program at International house Language School. She took part of the same program two years ago, but she didn’t continue studying English afterwards. Virginia studied English in primary and secondary school following a traditional teaching method, which used grammar as the starting point and foundation, for the development of all language skills — speaking, listening, writing, and reading, however there was relatively little focus on speaking and listening. As reported by Virginia, she was exposed to explicit information about the structure of the language and to rules that she had to internalize through repetitions and direct translation with little or no opportunity of participating in activities that encourage meaningful communication. This situation hindered the development of her speaking skills, and made her fail in her attempts to attain the necessary fluency and confidence to successfully communicate in English during her trips abroad. Knowledge of grammar without meaningful practice of the language is ineffective, as Jim Scrivener says: â€Å"There is no point knowing a lot about language if you can’t use it (which sadly, has been the experience of many language learners in the past – able to conjugate a verb, but unable to respond to a simple question)† (Scrivener, 2005; 146) As a result of the different frustrating situations she had to face when trying to make herself understand in foreign countries, and due to her love for travelling, she developed an intrinsic motivation to study English. She thinks English is a lingua franca that opens doors to other cultures, on the contrary, she doesn’t have any extrinsic motivation as she doesn’t need to speak English for any other purposes than socializing and travelling. She is a participative student who has never missed a class. Her favorite  activities are the ones that foster speaking skills, especially role-plays or discussions in groups, because they give her the opportunity to interact with her classmates and communicate in real time about real or similar to real life situations. Virginia’s learning style is visual; a technique she uses in order to spell words is seeing the words in her head and she can better understand and remember explanations by writing them down or looking at pictures and diagrams She claims that one of her strengths is her knowledge of grammar rules associated with verbs conjugation; specifically the use of simple present and present continuous and adds that writing is the easiest among the four language skills, because writing tasks provide enough time to brainstorm and choose the correct language to express her ideas. Among her weaknesses she mentioned her lack of fluency, because she has not time to think on the grammar rules when she speaks, especially when talking about a past event, as she hardly ever knows whether the verb she wants to use is regular or irregular. B. Language problems and Solutions Analyzing Victoria’s output in class I could notice that she has two evident language problems; one of them is the use of simple past of irregular verbs, and the other one is the differentiation of the vowel sounds /aÉ ª/ and /É ª/. I find these problems in the grammar and pronunciation areas very interesting to analyze, because both of them are very common in Spanish native speakers learning ESL, therefore, finding engaging and interesting activities to overcome them could be helpful in similar cases in the future. Examples and solutions for the student’s language problems in the different areas are exposed below: Grammar: Virginia struggles with using irregular verbs in the past  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I ´m learning to surf. I buyed a surfboard. I ´m loving it although Im not very good.† â€Å"The teacher who teach me English when I was a child was not  strict† â€Å"I lose the train this morning† (neither the correct word has been chosen in this case â€Å"miss†, however, I only focus on the verb) In order to help Virginia with her problem in this grammar area, I have decided to use the activities of the lesson â€Å"Girls’ night out†; unit 5, pages 56 and 57 of the Elementary student’s book â€Å"New English File†, Oxford University Press. The subject of the lesson revolves around a group of young female journalist for a famous women’s magazine who are asked to go out for the evening with her girlfriends, and then write a report about their experiences. The topic is engaging, as it suits Virginia’s age, gender, interest (tackles some cultural matters of different countries) and is quite close to her cultural background, considering that Spaniards are very sociable and much of their life is lived in the streets. The material exposes the student to the structure through reading, listening and speaking activities. Virginia will have to deduce which are the past tense of a set of irregular verbs from the text in order to do exercise 3A. Grammar (look at the reports again and find the past tense of these irregular verbs), and then listen and practice the pronunciation of the verbs in exercise 3. B (listen and check, practice saying the verbs). She will also have the opportunity to fill in sentences with the correct form of the same irregular verbs in exercise 3C 1 and listen these verbs within a meaningful context in exercises 4 B and C (Listen to Silvia talking about their girls’ night out). In terms of speaking, the student will have to use the simple past of irregular verbs in the exercise 5C (Think about the last time you went out with friends, look at the questions and plan your answers) Virginia will have plenty of opportunities to see and use the target language as in real life communication. 1: This exercise send the student to the explanation on page 130 (5C) and to the exercise on page 131 (5C) Pronunciation Virginia struggles with discriminating the /aÉ ª/ and /É ª/ sounds. : â€Å"I filled in a registration form for a diving school†: /ˈdÉ ªvÉ ªÃ…‹/ â€Å"The school has wifi† /ˈwÉ ª fÉ ª/  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The school has a library†: /ˈlÉ ªbrÉ™ri/ To help her to differentiate the pronunciation of the vowel sounds /aÉ ª/ and /É ª/. I have chosen the lesson â€Å"Wine, win†, unit 5 of the book â€Å"English Pronunciation in use†, Cambridge University press; pages: 30 and 31. Besides providing explanatory pictures of mouth modulation for a better pronunciation (Section A and B), it offers exercises that focus exclusively on the different pronunciation of minimal pairs, which usually confuse nonnative speakers, as Spanish does not differentiate between long and short vowels. Minimal pairs effectively facilitate pronunciation acquisition. â€Å"When learners compare and contrast discrete sounds in the environment presented in minimal pairs, the importance of these sounds in denoting word meaning is transferred to their mind naturally. Experience shows that ―pronunciation classes†¦ make students more conscious of their own pronunciation and aware of ways in which their pronunciation differs from the model offered† (Rajadurai, 2001: 14) Virginia will have to spot the /aÉ ª/ sound among minimal pairs in exercise A and the /É ª/ sound in exercise B. The student will also have to discriminate and identify the words that have the/aÉ ª/ or the /É ª/ vowel sounds in exercise 11.1. (Make words with these beginnings and endings and write them in the correct part of the table) and in the exercise 11.2 (Read the dialogue. Circle the sound /aÉ ª/ and underline the/É ª/). Despite the fact that this material doesn’t approach pronunciation within a context similar to real life, it offers a lot of practice opportunity, which in my opinion as a nonnative speaker of English is essential for the reason that Spanish phonological system is significantly different from that of English, particularly in the aspects of vowel sounds. Conclusion Virginia’s English lesson at school were focused on talking about the language rather than on talking in the language; as a result, we can deduce that she was not exposed to proper and useful input since these type of classes do not require that teachers be experts or even fluent in the  language. However, her motivation, along with the use of relevant and meaningful materials as the ones presented in this essay can help her to improve her language skills and attain proficiency in English as a result. References Hancock, M (2003) English Pronunciation in Use. Cambridge University Press. Oxenden, C, Latham-Koening, C and Seligson, P. New English File, Elementary Student (2007). Oxford University Press. Scrivener, J (2005) Learning Teaching, A guidebook for English Language Teachers. Second Edition. Macmillan Books for Teachers. Rajadurai, J. (2001). An investigation of the effectiveness of teaching pronunciation to Malaysian TESL students MacMillan Dictionary : http://www.macmillandictionary.com/

Locked out of Culture Essay -- Education, Tradicional and Mainstream E

When growing up in a traditional civilization and continuing education in a mainstream environment, one can notice the work of two opposing ways of life. If one could study a traditional identity closely, one may sometimes see a mainstream identity in most of that organization’s people. Usually, a culture is any group of individuals that share the same beliefs, philosophies, and customs; identity can be defined as the image and viewpoints that others see when they look at someone. When looking into someone’s traditional organization, one can easily see two opposing identities. Similarly, Robert Bellah explains the formation of identity in his essay â€Å"Community, Commitment, and Individuality† which shows how identity comes about. Traditional society places a moral authority over its subjects, while the mainstream society does not. Such power can be seen in the Old Chinese customs inside of Maxine Hong Kingston’s essay. Her essay â€Å"No Name Womanâ₠¬  discusses a story of a Chinese mother abusing her own power to teach her daughter a lesson in morality. Some people within a group are responsible for giving power and identity; power is the ability to have more influence inside a culture at the expense of someone else. In addition, Dean Barnlund argues that because both groups want to increase their own well being, their opposing identities must clash with one another. He talks about cultural behaviors in â€Å"Communication in a Global Village.† All of these authors provide key wisdom into such things as culture, identity, and power. Customs can sometimes become a problem. One discovers that it is mandatory that one must reexamine his own identity. Until then, many problems may surface when transitioning between two contradictory cultures. In o... ...d onto the responsibility of two separate viewpoints and values systems. The statements in this essay could or could not be true. Different meanings for culture, identity, and power, may exist out in the real world. The connections made in this essay may not be true to everyone because all of us have different definitions for these key terms. Such evidence in this essay leads to a conclusion of foreseeing becoming trapped between two different styles of beliefs. We saw that, two different beliefs comes from the groups that one has associated. When compared against other people these beliefs and experiences can be held responsible, cultural problems arise. These problems make someone’s switch between organizational climates harder for an individual. Based on all of this evidence, anyone can conclude that they have become locked out of both organizational climates. Locked out of Culture Essay -- Education, Tradicional and Mainstream E When growing up in a traditional civilization and continuing education in a mainstream environment, one can notice the work of two opposing ways of life. If one could study a traditional identity closely, one may sometimes see a mainstream identity in most of that organization’s people. Usually, a culture is any group of individuals that share the same beliefs, philosophies, and customs; identity can be defined as the image and viewpoints that others see when they look at someone. When looking into someone’s traditional organization, one can easily see two opposing identities. Similarly, Robert Bellah explains the formation of identity in his essay â€Å"Community, Commitment, and Individuality† which shows how identity comes about. Traditional society places a moral authority over its subjects, while the mainstream society does not. Such power can be seen in the Old Chinese customs inside of Maxine Hong Kingston’s essay. Her essay â€Å"No Name Womanâ₠¬  discusses a story of a Chinese mother abusing her own power to teach her daughter a lesson in morality. Some people within a group are responsible for giving power and identity; power is the ability to have more influence inside a culture at the expense of someone else. In addition, Dean Barnlund argues that because both groups want to increase their own well being, their opposing identities must clash with one another. He talks about cultural behaviors in â€Å"Communication in a Global Village.† All of these authors provide key wisdom into such things as culture, identity, and power. Customs can sometimes become a problem. One discovers that it is mandatory that one must reexamine his own identity. Until then, many problems may surface when transitioning between two contradictory cultures. In o... ...d onto the responsibility of two separate viewpoints and values systems. The statements in this essay could or could not be true. Different meanings for culture, identity, and power, may exist out in the real world. The connections made in this essay may not be true to everyone because all of us have different definitions for these key terms. Such evidence in this essay leads to a conclusion of foreseeing becoming trapped between two different styles of beliefs. We saw that, two different beliefs comes from the groups that one has associated. When compared against other people these beliefs and experiences can be held responsible, cultural problems arise. These problems make someone’s switch between organizational climates harder for an individual. Based on all of this evidence, anyone can conclude that they have become locked out of both organizational climates.

Customer Loyalty in a Business To Business Context Essay

Customer loyalty is considered to be a powerful tool for most organizations in ensuring that they gain a competitive advantage in their respective industries ( Lam, Shankar, Erramilli, & Bvsan, 2004, p. 294). Customer loyalty is necessary for ensuring that organizations remain profitable while also achieving growth through reaching out to new market grounds. The importance of customer loyalty in the world of economics has developed gradually as an area of study especially business to business (B2B) environments. This is due to the need to study and identify factors that ensure customer loyalty is maintained and even increased, according to Haghkhah et al., (2013, p. 156). Haghkhah, et al., (2013, p. 156) further noted that increased competition for customers in the market signifies that business ought to react even faster and more specific to the demands and wants of clients in order to win their loyalty. For this reason, marketers in most organizations tend to focus on customer retention techniques and also to lay an emphasis on increasing their loyalty levels. In order to achieve this, B2B has offered vast opportunities to ensure that most organizations achieve their objectives of customer retention and loyalty. Thus, the latter shows the importance of understanding customer retention and loyalty as an important area of the research study. Customer loyalty is viewed as a behavior of repetitive buying and further developed moving forward with factors such as antecedents, consequences, and factors. This has led the researcher to gain an interest in conducting further research on customer retention and loyalty, therefore, this research paper will be on the various ways and techniques that organizations can implement in order to increase customer loyalty in a B2B context Customer loyalty According to Haghkhah, et al., (2013, p. 157) a high rate of loyalty in a B2B environment is a competitive advantage to the seller due to the client’s willingness to pay a higher price for goods and sensitive since they start becoming less price sensitive as a result of trust that has been gained. This means that the income generated is likely to increase and remain stable to move forward Customer loyalty is viewed as a strategy that aims at ensuring customers gain behaviour of repetitive purchasing from the same company. Customer loyalty in a B2B environment achieves a mutual reward that benefits both the customer and the organization. It is usually considered as ways of gaining competitive advantage by an organization over its competitors. Various companies have applied the strategy of maintaining customer loyalty since it is considered cheaper in regard trying to gain new customers in order to increase their revenue base. ÄÅ'ater.T & ÄÅ'ater.B (2010, p. 1322) view customer loyalty based on activities such as contract renewal, making recommendations to clients and increasing patronage in a business to business environments. They further note that these factors will likely influence the level of loyalty to clients of an organization. In other research, customer loyalty in a B2B environment is based on the experiences of the client, the future expectations that a client may have about the organization and the frequency at which a customer buys goods and services from the organization( haghkhah, Abdul Hamid, Ebrahimpour, Roghanian, & Gheysari, 2013, p. 158). Further, (ÄÅ'ater & ÄÅ'ater, 2010) notes that in order to influence the loyalty of clients in a B2B context, and then the organization has to understand the behaviour of the client and the attitude of the client. Literature review 2.1 Limitations and Gap in Literature The field of customer loyalty is one that has much information, but very little attention has been given to business-to-business scenarios. Most previous research has mainly focused on the customer’s point of view (Mascareigne, 2009). This could be because most view customer retentions as a behavioral factor. (Ranaweera & Prabhu, 2003) In any economy, businesses have to transact to perform their daily operations. Some businesses, such as audit firms, exist to serve other businesses. Extensive research on this area could aid other businesses to learn the dynamics of customer loyalty amongst themselves. A major limitation that was also experienced in the research was the over generalization of the research based on a B2B context. Since different businesses have different operations and strategies, some aspects may works for a certain sector that may not necessarily work for another. For example, concepts that may be used to increase customer loyalty in the banking sector, may no t work in the manufacturing sector. According to Buttle (2008, p. 267) commitment is defined as the relationship that exist between the two firms and is likely to be terminated at a reasonable future date. In a B2B environment, the commitment shared by the two firms is usually on a mutual agreement. Doma (2013, p. 72) notes that commitment between two firms is usually bonded by trust among the two firms. The level of trust that is usually shared by the two or more firms that conduct business affects their commitment framework. The more a firm is committed to another increases the level of loyalty shared by the two firms. Moorman & Rust (1999, p. 183) in their research notes that commitment is usually the level of effort that is put by firms in ensuring a valuable relationship enjoyed by the two firms is maintained in the long term. The relationship usually has economic benefits for the two firms in their bid to ensure they remain profitable in their operations. For this reason, there exists a belief among organizations that the relationship has economic benefits; thus efforts are put in maintaining it. However, according to Hennig-Thurau (2004, p. 463) states that many scholars tend to argue that there is no major difference between loyalty and commitment. That school of thought has been dismissed by Morgan & Hunt (1999, p. 24) who argued there is a difference between loyalty and commitment. They, however, noted that the two are related, with a commitment being an antecedent of loyalty. This means that commitment is a factor in B2B environment that will increase the level of loyalty. This also meant that the existence of commitment had a strong positive impact on the level of commitment. Shabbir et al. (2007, p. 280) in their research demonstrated that commitment is an antecedent of loyalty. They argued that commitment in the B2B environment, it played a central role in ensuring that loyalty is always maintained and even increased to higher levels. Sharma, et al. (2006, p. 77) in their study note that commitment is the situation whereby there is a desire to make a relationship stronger with another person or even group due to familiarity or even friendship has that has been developed over time due to the personal interaction that has occurred between the two over a period of time(Eakuru & Mat, 2008, p. 125). Therefore, commitment should be as a result of identifying the values that are shared commonly between two organizations. It is crucial to note that the customer will retain a relationship with another party due to the positive effect they have with the supplier. At times, a client may be forced to continue staying in a relationship with another party due to lack of valuable options that may be available to them (Fullerton, 2005, p. 1388). However, most relationships are maintained with a commitment as a result of the benefits that both parties will benefit from (Brandi, 2001, p. 67). When commitment is the guiding principle of B2B environment, and one organization performs poorly in comparison to the incumbent organization, then due to the level of commitment shared the partners are unlikely to switch to other options (Stephan , 2002, p. 20). This makes a commitment an underlying factor that will help in influencing the level of loyalty in a B2B environment (Stephan , 2002, p. 33). Akin (2012) gives an example, in comparing the loyal between customers with low loyalty and customers with high loyalty and explains that customers with high loyalty will be not be swayed by discounted prices from other suppliers. Therfore, the higher the level of commitment that will be shared between organizations an increase in loyalty levels between the organizations will be experienced. If the level of commitment is increased through activities such as contract renewal and making of recommendations to the other organization, it will in turn increase the level of loyalty enjoyed by the two firms. Therefore, if organizations want to increase the rate of exit by their clients, then they have to build a relationship that will be founded on a commitment. Commitment will in turn increase the level of loyalty in a B2B environment. This will ensure that the future of the organization is maintained as it will continue making profit. In a study conducted by CITATION Gus05 l 1033 (Gustavsson & Lundgren, 2005) they give an example whereby airline companies use their frequent flyer programs as a means to enhance repeated purchase through provision of economic incentives to ensure that they increase and also maintain loyal among their clients. 2.2 Theories and Methodologies A common principle that has emerged from the total quality management (TQM) movement is that the decisive path, to retaining customers, is to satisfy their needs (Colby, 2013). The theory holds that if by identifying what customers expect and by meeting these requirements and expectations, these customers are less likely to opt for the services given by a competitor. Past research conducted by Colby (2013) has shown a positive relationship between satisfaction and loyalty. In other words, if a client is satisfied with the services offered by a business, the client is bound to be loyal to the business. Other studies have also identified a positive relationship between service quality and customer loyalty (Van Es, 2012). However, a certain level of satisfaction does not always guarantee the desired loyalty. In a certain survey, Colby suggested four indicators of customer loyalty and this include; demographics, past behavior, perception of gain or loss of switching to a different brand and attitudes towards openness to new brands. Studying these four indicators can give a better understanding of customer loyalty. For instance, if a business expects to save on costs by transacting with another business, then they are most likely to be loyal to that particular partnership. The attitudinal approach takes a view of purchase behavior and tends to explain in terms of values, beliefs and attitudes. Deterministic theory entails the logical relationship between variables and researchers in this field are responsible for identifying which variables affect customer loyalty. It appears to be acceptable to most cognitive researchers that attitude comes before behavior in a scenario that involves repurchasing a product and is very important because attitude comes before a choice. The behavioral approach holds that internal processes cannot be measured and, therefore, have no place in research (Bennet & Bove, 2002). Understanding customer loyalty in a B2B scenario is a long term relationship regardless of the importance of the transactions. Both methods may differ in views but can be both used to understand the concept. Although customer loyalty research has evolved over the years, most of this research uses a logical empiricist paradigm(Paavola, 2006). Information about customer loyalty has been derived mainly from cognitive psychology, with theories about attitude forming most of the work. Current theoretical framework could, therefore, bring a new perspective into the loyalty research. Paavola (2006) uses the social constructionism paradigm to examine the notion of customer loyalty critically. The study gives a detailed description of customer loyalty that is based on the social reality of customers. The results imply that different types of loyalty should be taken into considerations when making managerial implementations. Categorization can also be very beneficial when it comes to future loyalty research. Most theories, which are associated with loyalty studies, deal with issues such as loyalty programs, customer satisfaction, customer value, service quality and social bonds (Jacobsen, Olsson, & Sjovall, 2004). A model constructed by Jacobsen, Olsson and Sjovall (2004) shows that social bonds have the most significant effect on customer loyalty with companies in the banking sector. The study shows that the most important factors, in maintaining customer loyalty in the banking sector, were social bonds and personnel. This is because, banking services are very similar and to survive in such as market, strong competitive personnel are required to make the right connections. The same study revealed that monetary benefits are not a significant factor in that area of business. According to Kuusik (2007), the factors, trustworthiness, satisfaction, importance of relationship and image are important factors that play a role in the different levels of customer loyalty. Traditionally, most research has focussed on either the influence of individual factors on loyalty or the nature of different levels of loyalty. It is important to not only view loyalty through behavioural criteria, but also attitudinal criteria as well. Behavioural clients could be divided into; forced to be loyal, functionally loyal and loyal due to inertia (Kuusik, 2007). For instance, in a B2B context, when a certain company is a monopoly, getting supplies from them is the only logical answer, and this forces a company to be loyal by force. Businesses can be loyal by inertia due to the importance of a certain process. If the process is of low importance, then there is practically no need to get another partner. This can happen in situations where the transaction is routine such as trash- pickup. Functionality loyalty is gained from when organizations have to partner with other organizations because they have an objective reason to be. Research has shown that inertia is a situation opposite to loyalty CITATION Aki12 l 4105 (Akin, 2012). For example, a business may select another business since they require minimal effort to reach them. Dahlgren (2005) used multivariate data analysis techniques to build a link between dimensions of brand loyalty and to capture the different levels of customer loyalty. The result showed several differences in the loyalty dimensions. In a similar study, Kuusik (2007) uses a LOGIT regression model to determine the significant factors that affect customer loyalty. The model comprises of various factors that affect customer loyalty. The study reveals that image, satisfaction, importance of relationship and trustworthiness are the most significant factors in loyalty research. According to East et al. (2005) the definition of loyalty is useful if they can be used to predict phenomena such as search, retention, and recommendation. The authors establish that combination measures of customer loyalty often act as poor indicators of consumer loyalty as compared to other singular indicators such as recommendations. Apart from viewing these combinations to be of limited value, the research also establishes that there is no form of loyalty that always predicts different loyalty outcomes and a general concept of loyalty should be abandoned (East, Gendall, Hammond, & Lomax, 2005). For instance, instead of using indicators such as loyalty programs and money rewards, researchers should either look for retention of customers and any recommendation given by them. 2.3 Identifying relationships between ideas and practice to increase loyalty in a B2B context Various ideas have been drafted in order to increase customer loyalty in a B2B context. For example, from the above review, it is noted that identification of the company’s prospects and acting on them will help in increasing the loyalty. However a company can deliver on all the needs of their clients, but the delivery of their services will influence the level of loyalty moving forward. If when delivering all the needs of their client, and they produce a poor delivery service, then this will likely lead to a decrease in loyalty level. For example according to Akin (2012) factors that help increasing the loyalty of customers is high-level service quality delivered by firms that will lead to a high level of customer satisfaction. In another scenario, companies tend to try and find ways in which they can influence the frequency at which their clients access their websites for information. However, research indicates that half of the customers get information from their website. The lack of companies to invest and provide websites that are easy to access and provide the necessary information to their clients will lead to a decline in the level of loyalty. For this reason, there is a clear distinction between the ideas developed to increase loyalty and the practices a company will adopt. Conclusion From this literature review, it can be shown that various researches have tried to establish the existence of a positive relationship between loyalty and aspects such as service quality and customer satisfaction. Some studies have employed the use of correlation analysis to investigate this relationship. Correlation research allows a researcher to determine whether a relationship between variables exists, it allows one to define the extent of the relationship between the variables (Gall, Gall, & Bord, 2005). Qualitative and quantitative research methods both have their benefits and drawbacks. For instance, when the correlation between two variables has been established, it still does not tell the researcher what should be done, but rather what can be done. Qualitative methods, as used by Paavola (2006), can also bring out knowledge that is not familiar with other researchers. The results can also be influenced by the researcher’s personal biases. However, some of these studies tend to cover wide areas that may take long periods of research. The benefits of customer retention have been recognized by many researchers (Feihua, 2011). In the business to business scenario, certain aspects of retaining a customer bring out themselves than conducting business with the ordinary customers. For instance, paying attention to the ordinary, like attending meetings on time is not a necessary, but a crucial habit to consider. In a B2B relationship, the parties are more defined, and this is based on the assumption that both parties are seeking common benefits in the relationship (Oy, 2010). In a normal business to customer relationship, the dissolution of the relationship ends up in the consumer leaving the services of the provider. In the B2B setup, the end of the relationship is thought in terms of a process while in switching is thought as just as a change in the relationship. In customer loyalty research, perhaps it would be of vital importance to consider the industry in which the research is being conducted on. In industries wher e the businesses provide similar services, social bonds could be the prevalent factor that promotes consumer loyalty between businesses. In other industries, where the services offered are different, probably loyalty programs and monetary rewards could be the way to win customer loyalty. References Akin, E. (2012). Literature Review and Discussion on Customer Loyalty and Consciousness. European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, 158-170. Brandi, J. (2001). Building Customer Loyalty: The 21 Essential Elements †¦ in Action. Texas: The Walk The Talk Company. Buttle, F. (2008). Customer Relationship Management (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge. Doma, S. A. (2013). Relationship Quality as Predictor of B2B Customer Loyalty. SYSTEMICS, CYBERNETICS AND INFORMATICS, 111(1), 72-78. Gustavsson, S., & Lundgren, E. (2005). Customer Loyalty. Lulea University of Technology. Haghkhah, A., Abdul Hamid, A. B., Ebrahimpour, A., Roghanian, P., & Gheysari, H. (2013). Commitment and Customer Loyalty in Business-To-Business Context. European Journal of Business and Management, 15(19), 156-164. Lam, S. Y., Shankar, V., Erramilli, M. K., & B. M. (2004). Customer Value, Satisfaction, Loyalty, and Switching Costs: An Illustration From a Business-to-Business Service Context. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 32(293), 294-311. Bennet, R., & Bove, L. (2002). Identifying the Key Issues for Measuring Loyalty. QUT Digital Repository, 1-29. ÄÅ'ater, T., & ÄÅ'ater, B. (2010). Product and relationship quality influence on customer commitment and loyalty in B2B manufacturing relationships. Industrial marketing management, 39(8), 1321-1333.Colby, C. (2013, December 9). A New Paradigm for Understanding Customer Retention. Retrieved from Rockbridge: http://rockresearch.com/a-new-paradigm-for-understanding-customer-retention/ Eakuru, N., & Mat, N. (2008). The application of structural equation modeling (SEM) in determining the antecedents of customer loyalty in banks in South Thailand. The Business Review, Cambridge, 10(2), 129-139. East, R., Gendall, P., Hammond, K., & Lomax, W. (2005). Consumer Loyalty: Singular, Additive or Interactive? Australian arketing Joural, 10-17.Feihua, Q. (2011). Customer Retention in E-commerce business. Haaha-Helia University press, 1-56. Fullerton, G. (2005). How commitment both enables and undermines marketing relationships. European Journal of marketing, 39(11), 1372-1388.Gall, J., Gall, M., & Bord, W. (2005). Applying educational research: A practical guide (1st ed.). Boston: Pearzon. Hennig-Thurau, T. (2004). Customer orientation of service employees: Its impact on customer satisfaction, commitment, and retention. 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Access Of Mental Health Services - 1497 Words

Access to mental health services is distributed unevenly across countries, with low and middle-income countries (LMICs) lacking proportionate access to human resources and treatments. Developed countries only carry a small portion of the global mental health burden, and yet they are most equipped to treat patients. In need of a more sustainable method of providing mental health services within the confines of cost and time, LMICs have begun to explore the option of task-sharing, in which mental health care is conjointly or selectively provided by a trained community member with preexisting or nonexistent experience in health-related functions. If treatments and interventions conducted by non-specialists are comparably effective to those†¦show more content†¦Of those who consented, 224 participated throughout the duration of the study. Control groups were located in separate villages, where no interventions or group gatherings were conducted. A two-week long training for grou p interpersonal psychotherapy was administered to a local villager in each village with no previous experience, who then led community interventions. This type of therapy is a short-term treatment in which problems resulting from depressive symptoms that affect interpersonal relationships are identified and addressed. Interventions were in a same-sex group setting, with five–eight participants. 90-minute sessions were conducted once a week, for a total of 16 weeks. Two-weeks and six-months after the final psychotherapy session, the number of depressive symptoms and severity of functional impairment in patients decreased from pre-intervention assessment scores. All differences in scores from baseline to two-week or six-month follow-up were significant. Differences between two-week and six-month scores were either non-existent or negligible, demonstrating the long-lasting impact of this intervention. While this study used methods of participant recruitment and assignment that are inapplicable to a method used in widespread task-sharing implementation, it was completed in way that